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- ArticlesConstitution of India
Article 14 — Equality before law
The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. Article 14 forbids class legislation but permits reasonable classification. The test requires (a) an intelligi…
- ArticlesConstitution of India
Article 19 — Six freedoms
Article 19(1) guarantees six freedoms to all citizens: (a) speech and expression, (b) assembly, (c) association, (d) free movement, (e) residence, (g) profession/trade/business. Each is subject to reasonable restrictions listed in clauses (…
- ArticlesConstitution of India
Article 21 — Right to life and personal liberty
No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. Post Maneka Gandhi (1978), the procedure must also be fair, just and reasonable. Article 21 is the source of an expanding bundle o…
- ArticlesConstitution of India
Article 22 — Protection against arrest and detention
An arrested person must be (1) informed of grounds of arrest, (2) allowed to consult a lawyer of choice, and (3) produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours excluding travel time. Preventive detention is regulated separately with…
- SectionsBharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
BNS Section 63 — Rape
Defines rape and its ingredients — sexual intercourse with a woman against her will, without consent, with consent obtained through fear/misrepresentation, or when the woman is unable to give valid consent. Successor to IPC Section 375.
- SectionsBharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
BNS Section 103 — Murder
Whoever commits murder shall be punished with death or imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. Successor to IPC Section 302. Culpable homicide amounting to murder requires the ingredients in BNS 101.
- SectionsBharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
BNS Section 115 — Voluntarily causing hurt
Voluntarily causing hurt is punishable with imprisonment up to 1 year, or fine up to ten thousand rupees, or both. Successor to IPC Section 323.
- SectionsBharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
BNS Section 316 — Criminal breach of trust
Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property or dominion over property, dishonestly misappropriates or converts it to his own use, commits criminal breach of trust. Successor to IPC Section 405/406.
- SectionsBharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023
BNS Section 318 — Cheating
Whoever by deceiving any person fraudulently or dishonestly induces the person so deceived to deliver any property or to consent that any person shall retain any property, or intentionally induces the person so deceived to do or omit to do …
- SectionsBharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
BNSS Section 173 — Information in cognizable cases (FIR)
Every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence, if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing and read over to the informant. A copy shall be given free of cost to the informa…
- SectionsBharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
BNSS Section 175 — Magistrate's power to order investigation
If a police station refuses to register an FIR, the aggrieved person may approach the Magistrate under Section 175(3) with an application supported by affidavit. Successor to CrPC Section 156(3).
- SectionsBharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
BNSS Section 482 — Anticipatory bail
The High Court or the Court of Session may, on application, direct that in the event of the arrest of a person on accusation of a non-bailable offence, he shall be released on bail. Successor to CrPC Section 438.
- SectionsConsumer Protection Act, 2019
Consumer Protection Act 2019 — Section 35 (District Commission complaints)
A consumer complaint may be filed before the District Commission where the value of goods/services and compensation claimed does not exceed ₹50 lakh. Complaint may be filed where the opposite party resides, or where the cause of action aros…
- SectionsRight to Information Act, 2005
RTI Act 2005 — Section 6 (Application fee and process)
Any citizen may submit an application in writing (or electronically) with the prescribed fee (₹10 for Central Public Authorities) to the Public Information Officer. The PIO must respond within 30 days (48 hours where life/liberty is involve…
- SectionsInformation Technology Act, 2000
IT Act 2000 — Section 66 (Computer-related offences)
Dishonestly or fraudulently doing any act referred to in Section 43 (unauthorised access, damage, disruption) is punishable with imprisonment up to 3 years, or fine up to ₹5 lakh, or both. Cyber crimes may be reported at cybercrime.gov.in.
- SectionsInformation Technology Act, 2000
IT Act 2000 — Section 66D (Cheating by personation using computer resource)
Whoever by means of any communication device or computer resource cheats by personation shall be punished with imprisonment up to 3 years and fine up to ₹1 lakh. Covers phishing, KYC scams, and impersonation on social media.
- SectionsNegotiable Instruments Act, 1881
Negotiable Instruments Act 1881 — Section 138 (Cheque bounce)
Dishonour of cheque for insufficiency of funds is punishable with imprisonment up to 2 years, or fine up to twice the cheque amount, or both. Complaint must be filed within 30 days of receiving the bank's cheque-return memo after a mandator…
- SectionsMotor Vehicles Act, 1988
Motor Vehicles Act 1988 — Section 166 (Compensation claim)
The Motor Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT) hears applications for compensation from persons who suffer injury, or the legal heirs of a deceased victim, arising from use of a motor vehicle. No limitation period for filing after the 2019 amend…
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India1978-01-25
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India
AIR 1978 SC 597
A 7-judge bench held that the 'procedure established by law' under Article 21 must be fair, just and reasonable and not arbitrary. Established the golden triangle of Articles 14, 19 and 21 — any law depriving personal liberty must satisfy a…
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India2017-08-24
K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (Right to Privacy)
(2017) 10 SCC 1
A 9-judge bench unanimously held that the right to privacy is a fundamental right protected under Article 21 and other provisions of Part III. Any invasion must satisfy legality, necessity and proportionality.
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India1997-08-13
Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan
(1997) 6 SCC 241
Laid down guidelines against sexual harassment of women at the workplace, later codified in the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India2013-11-12
Lalita Kumari v. State of U.P.
(2014) 2 SCC 1
Constitution Bench held that registration of FIR is mandatory under Section 154 CrPC (now BNSS 173) if the information discloses a cognizable offence. No preliminary inquiry is permissible in such cases except in limited categories (matrimo…
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India2014-07-02
Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar
(2014) 8 SCC 273
Directed police not to automatically arrest under IPC Section 498A (now BNS Section 85) and similar offences punishable with up to 7 years. A checklist under Section 41 CrPC (now BNSS 35) must be recorded. Magistrates must not authorise det…
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India2015-03-24
Shreya Singhal v. Union of India
(2015) 5 SCC 1
Struck down Section 66A of the IT Act as unconstitutionally vague and violative of Article 19(1)(a). Read down Section 79 intermediary safe harbour and clarified Section 69A blocking rules.
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India2018-09-06
Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India
(2018) 10 SCC 1
Decriminalised consensual same-sex conduct between adults by reading down Section 377 IPC. Grounded in Articles 14, 15, 19 and 21 and the Puttaswamy privacy judgment.
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India2020-01-10
Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India
(2020) 3 SCC 637
Held that freedom of speech and to carry on business through the internet is protected under Article 19. Any restriction (including internet shutdowns) must satisfy proportionality, be published, and be subject to periodic review.
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India2010-05-05
Selvi v. State of Karnataka
(2010) 7 SCC 263
Held that involuntary administration of narco-analysis, polygraph and brain-mapping tests violates the right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) and the right to privacy under Article 21. Consent must be voluntary and informed.
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India1997-12-18
Vineet Narain v. Union of India
(1998) 1 SCC 226
Directed the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and Enforcement Directorate to function fairly and impartially in corruption cases. Laid down guidelines for the appointment of an independent Central Vigilance Commissioner and the autonom…
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India1986-12-20
MC Mehta v. Union of India (Oleum Gas Leak)
AIR 1987 SC 1086
Applied the rule of absolute liability for hazardous industries under Article 21 and Article 32. A person carrying on a hazardous activity owes an absolute and non-delegable duty to ensure that no harm results to anyone.
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India1962-08-21
Vishwanathan v. Abdul Wajid
AIR 1963 SC 1
Discussed res judicata under Section 11 CPC. A matter directly and substantially in issue in a former suit and finally decided operates as res judicata in a subsequent suit between the same parties or their privies.
- JudgmentsSupreme Court of India1975-11-07
Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain
AIR 1975 SC 2299
Upheld the basic structure doctrine of the Constitution. Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot alter its basic features such as judicial review, democracy, secularism and the rule of law.
- SectionsLimitation Act, 1963
Limitation Act 1963 — Section 3 (Bar of limitation)
Every suit instituted, appeal made, or application made after the prescribed period shall be dismissed, although limitation has not been set up as a defence. The burden of proving that a suit is within time generally lies on the plaintiff.
- SectionsTransfer of Property Act, 1882
Transfer of Property Act 1882 — Section 105 (Lease defined)
A lease of immovable property is a transfer of a right to enjoy such property, made for a certain time, express or implied, or in perpetuity, in consideration of a price paid or promised, or of money, a share of crops, service or any other …
- SectionsHindu Marriage Act, 1955
Hindu Marriage Act 1955 — Section 13 (Divorce grounds)
Grounds for divorce include adultery, cruelty, desertion for a continuous period of not less than two years, conversion, unsoundness of mind, virulent and incurable leprosy, venereal disease in a communicable form, renunciation, and presump…
- SectionsProtection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 — Section 12 (Application)
An aggrieved woman may present an application to the Magistrate for one or more reliefs under this Act, including protection order, residence order, monetary relief, custody order and compensation order. The Magistrate must fix the first da…